This research project incorporated a Box-Behnken experimental design strategy. In the experimental design, three independent variables—surfactant concentration (X1), ethanol concentration (X2), and tacrolimus concentration (X3)—were employed, alongside three responses: entrapment efficiency (Y1), vesicle size (Y2), and zeta potential (Y3). Employing design analysis techniques, a specific and optimal formulation was selected and incorporated into the topical gel. Evaluative analysis of the optimized transethosomal gel formula focused on pH, the amount of drug contained, and the ease with which it could be spread. A comparative analysis of the gel formula's anti-inflammatory effect and pharmacokinetic characteristics was undertaken, employing oral prednisolone suspension and topical prednisolone-tacrolimus gel as controls. A remarkably optimized transethosomal gel exhibited the highest efficacy in diminishing rat hind paw edema (98.34%) and superior pharmacokinetic properties (Cmax 133,266.6469 g/mL; AUC0-24 538,922.49052 gh/mL), highlighting the formulated gel's exceptional performance.
Sucrose esters (SE) have been examined as structural components in oleogels. Due to the insufficient structural power of SE as a single agent, this element has been investigated in combination with other oleogelators in order to produce multicomponent systems recently. An assessment of binary blends composed of surfactants (SEs) with varying hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLBs) in conjunction with lecithin (LE), monoglycerides (MGs), and hard fat (HF) was undertaken, focusing on the resultant physical characteristics. Three construction methods, traditional, ethanol, and foam-template, were implemented in the creation of the SEs designated as SP10-HLB2, SP30-HLB6, SP50-HLB11, and SP70-HLB15. A 10% oleogelator was used in a 11:1 mixture ratio to produce binary blends, which were then analyzed for their microstructure, melting behavior, mechanical properties, polymorphism, and the capacity to hold oil. SP10 and SP30, when combined in any manner, did not produce the desired well-structured and self-standing oleogel structure. Although promising initial blends were seen with SP50 and HF/MG, the addition of SP70 resulted in more structurally sound oleogels featuring increased hardness (approximately 0.8 N), improved viscoelasticity (160 kPa), and a full 100% oil-binding capacity. The positive result is potentially linked to the H-bond between the foam and the oil being strengthened by the presence of MG and HF.
Glycol chitosan (GC), a chitosan (CH) modification, displays augmented water solubility compared to CH, offering considerable solubility improvements. In a microemulsion reaction, the synthesis of p(GC) microgels occurred, utilizing divinyl sulfone (DVS) as the crosslinker at crosslinking ratios of 5%, 10%, 50%, 75%, and 150% based on the GC repeating unit. Blood compatibility of p(GC) microgels at 10 mg/mL concentration was analyzed, demonstrating a hemolysis ratio of 115.01% and a blood clotting index of 89.5%. The results validated their hemocompatibility. p(GC) microgels were also found to be biocompatible, maintaining 755 5% viability in L929 fibroblasts, even at a concentration as high as 20 mg/mL. The study of p(GC) microgels as potential drug carriers involved examining the loading and release characteristics of tannic acid (TA), a polyphenolic compound possessing high antioxidant activity. TA loading into p(GC) microgels resulted in a loading capacity of 32389 mg/g. The subsequent release of TA from TA@p(GC) microgels occurred linearly within 9 hours, with a cumulative release of 4256.2 mg/g over 57 hours. A Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) test showed that the addition of 400 liters of sample to an ABTS+ solution suppressed 685.17% of the free radicals. In a different light, the total phenol content (FC) analysis revealed that 2000 g/mL of TA@p(GC) microgels exhibited an antioxidant capacity matching 275.95 mg/mL of gallic acid.
Extensive studies have explored how the type of alkali and pH levels influence the physical characteristics of carrageenan. In spite of this, the influence on certain properties of carrageenan in its solid state has not been determined. To understand the effect of alkaline solvent type and pH on the solid physical properties of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii, this research was conducted. At pH values of 9, 11, and 13, carrageenan was isolated from algae by employing sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Based on the preliminary characterization of yield, ash content, pH, sulphate content, viscosity, and gel strength, each sample satisfied the criteria outlined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). A correlation between the type of alkali and the swelling capacity of carrageenan was evident, with potassium hydroxide (KOH) showing the highest swelling capacity, followed by sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ultimately calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Comparison of the FTIR spectra of all samples demonstrated conformity with the FTIR spectrum of the standard carrageenan sample. The molecular weight (MW) of carrageenan, treated with different alkalis, exhibited distinct pH-dependent orderings. With KOH, the observed order was pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11. Using NaOH, the order was pH 9 > pH 13 > pH 11. Lastly, using Ca(OH)2, the order remained the same, pH 13 > pH 9 > pH 11. The morphology of carrageenan samples, possessing the highest molecular weight for each alkali type, following solid-state physical characterization using Ca(OH)2, displayed a cubic, crystalline form. Using various alkali types, the crystallinity order of carrageenan was established as Ca(OH)2 (1444%) surpassing NaOH (980%) and KOH (791%). Conversely, the density order was Ca(OH)2 exceeding KOH and NaOH. In the carrageenan's solid fraction (SF) analysis, the order of effectiveness of the alkaline solutions was KOH, followed by Ca(OH)2, and then NaOH. The tensile strength of the carrageenan with KOH yielded 117, NaOH resulted in 008, while Ca(OH)2 displayed 005. medicinal insect Carrageenan's bonding index (BI) when treated with KOH is 0.004, with NaOH it is 0.002, and with Ca(OH)2 it is 0.002. For carrageenan, the brittle fracture index (BFI) measured using KOH was 0.67, using NaOH 0.26, and using Ca(OH)2 0.04. The solubility of carrageenan in water followed this order: NaOH, then KOH, and finally Ca(OH)2. These data empower the design of carrageenan for use as an excipient in solid dosage forms.
PVA/chitosan (CT) cryogels are synthesized and their characteristics are assessed, focusing on their utility in incorporating and holding particulate and bacterial colonies. A systematic analysis of the gel's network and pore architecture was performed as a function of CT content and freeze-thaw time, incorporating data from Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and confocal microscopy. The characteristic correlation length of the network, as ascertained through SAXS nanoscale analysis, is not significantly altered by variations in composition or freeze-thaw times, whereas the characteristic size of heterogeneities, originating from PVA crystallites, decreases in direct response to an increase in CT content. SEM investigation shows a transition to a more consistent network morphology, resulting from the integration of CT, progressively establishing a secondary network surrounding the PVA-based network. Through a detailed examination of confocal microscopy image stacks, the 3D porosity of the samples can be characterized, demonstrating a markedly asymmetric pore shape. While single pore volume averages rise with increasing CT content, the total porosity stays virtually constant due to the reduction of smaller pores within the PVA network as the more uniform CT network is progressively integrated. An increment in freezing time within FT cycles is mirrored by a diminution in porosity, potentially explained by the enhancement of network crosslinking, due to the process of PVA crystallization. Across all samples, oscillatory rheology measurements of linear viscoelastic moduli display a comparable frequency-dependent trend, with a moderate reduction noted at higher CT concentrations. Axl inhibitor The cause of this can be attributed to alterations in the arrangement of the PVA network's strands.
For enhanced dye interactions, the agarose hydrogel was fortified with chitosan as an active ingredient. For the study of dye diffusion in hydrogel, direct blue 1, Sirius red F3B, and reactive blue 49 were selected as representative examples of how chitosan interaction affects their movement. The determined effective diffusion coefficients were then compared to the value from pure agarose hydrogel. In parallel, sorption experiments were undertaken. The enhanced sorption ability of the enriched hydrogel was dramatically greater than the pure agarose hydrogel's sorption capacity. The diffusion coefficients, which were determined, suffered a reduction with the inclusion of chitosan. Their values were determined, in part, by the impact of hydrogel pore structure and the associations between chitosan and dyes. Diffusion experiments encompassed pH values of 3, 7, and 11. pH had a negligible effect on the diffusion of dyes within a pure agarose hydrogel environment. Hydrogels supplemented with chitosan displayed progressively higher effective diffusion coefficients as the pH value rose. Electrostatic interactions between the amino groups of chitosan and the sulfonic groups of dyes led to the formation of hydrogel zones characterized by a well-defined boundary between colored and transparent regions, particularly at lower pH. Nucleic Acid Analysis A perceptible increase in concentration was noted a specific distance from the hydrogel-donor dye solution interface.
Over the ages, traditional medicine has benefited from curcumin. This study focused on creating a curcumin hydrogel system and assessing its antimicrobial potential and wound healing (WH) activity through experimental in vitro and theoretical in silico analyses. A topical hydrogel, prepared using varying quantities of chitosan, PVA, and curcumin, was subjected to physicochemical characterization.